English Basics

Home » Posts filed under Article

Tampilkan postingan dengan label Article. Tampilkan semua postingan

Paraphrase, Entailment and Contradiction

Selasa, 29 November 2016 0 comments

Paraphrase, Entailment and Contradiction

· Paraphrase

A source state that paraphrase is a relation between synonymous expressions, i.e. expression having (nearly) the same meaning.[1] According Rahul Bhagat and Eduard Hovy state that paraphrase is sentence or phrase that convey the same meaning using different wording.[2]From those definition, we can conclude that paraphrase is two sentences with identical meaning.

Example:

Ø English

1. pat said “ I like foot ball”

pat said that he liked foot ball.

2. John loves Risa

Risa is loved by John.

3. He buys a doll for me.

He buys me a doll.

Ø Indonesia

1. Ibu sedang menyuapin adik.

Adik sedang di suapi ibu.

2. Dia berkata “adik saya sedang sakit”

Dia mengatakan bahwa adiknya sedang sakit.

3. Anjing mengejar kucing

Kucing di kejar oleh anjing.

Ø Madura

1. E’bhu dhuka dha’ ale’

Ale’ e’dhukani E’bhu

2. John etabeng findo.

Findo etabeng so john

· Entailment.

Entailment refers to relation between a pair of sentence, where as the truth of second sentence follows from the truth of the first.[3]The other source also said that entailment is another kind of relationship between meanings, when one meaning holds, another meanings necessarily hold.[4]

Entailment is a relationship between two or more sentences, if knowing that one sentence is true gives us certain knowledge of the truth of the second sentence, then the first sentence entails the second.[5]So we can conclude that entailment is a relation in which the truth of one sentence necessarily implies the truth of another.

Example:

Ø English

1. I can see a dog.

I can see an animal.

2. The two girls lifted a piano.

Both girls lifted a piano.

3. Jones is a doctor

Jones is a human being.

Ø Indonesia

1. Desi seorang janda.

Desi pernah memiliki suami.

2. Ibu memberikan saya sebuah apel.

Ibu memberikan saya buah- buahan.

3. Julius Caesar adalah seorang yang terkenal.

Julius Caesar adalah seorang pria.

Ø Madura

1. Rama ngobange’ pete’.

Rama ngobange’ keban’

2. Rani mette’k malate’.

Rani mette’k gemba’ng.

· Contradiction

Contradiction is a relationship wherein the truth of one sentence entails the falsity of another sentence or a disagreement between two things which means that both cannot be true.

Example:

Ø English

1. It is cold in here.

It is hot in here.

2. The blue button is true

The red button is false

3. What he said yesterday

What he said today

4. Michael in front of me

Michael behind me

5. This perfume is fragnant

This perfume is scent

6. Jhon’s jacket very dirty

Jhon’s jacket very pure

Ø Indonesia

1. Joni mencuri ikan

Joni tidak mencuri ikan.

2. Pak arya pengusaha kaya.

Pak arya petani miskin.

3. Andi tidur dibawah kasur

Andi tidur diatas kasur

4. Boneka fitri bagus

Boneka fitri jelek

5. Ulfa badannya kurus

Ulfa badannya gemuk

6. Pintu itu terbuka

Pintu itu tertutup

Ø Madura

1. Ghajha’ banne kebhan

Ghajha’ panekakebhan

2. Rama sareng Ebhu asaren

Rama sareng Ebhu abhungu

3. E dhalemma pak kiai ka’dhinto ce’ rammena

E dhalemma pak kiai ka’dhinto ce’ seppena

4. Irul pajhelenna santa’

Irul pajhelenna laon

5. Tang adek kennyang

Tang adek lapar

6. Padhebuna nyiai paneka lembhu’

Padhebuna nyiai paneka kasar

[1]Meaning text.net./ wiki paraphrase.

[2]Bhagat, Rahul and Hovy Eduard,What is pharaphrase? Assoliation for computational linguistics .2013.

[3] Mulyadi, Introduction to linguistics . STAIN pamekasan press, 2009.

[4]Stefanie Jannedy, e.i., Language Files, (Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1991), page.221.

[5]Jacke, Richards , e.i, Longman Dictionary of Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics, (singapure: publishers pte ltd, 1992).page. 125-126

Paper "Travel and Tour Operators"

Senin, 21 November 2016 1 comment

Travel is movement of people to another place we can travelling by bicycle, train, boat, airplane, or other.

Travel agentshold the role of selling and administering packages from various tour operators to their personal clients based on what they’re looking for and what package suits each client best. While many tour operators focus o a select concentration of destinations most travel agents can specialize in a range of destinations and then they can help you narrow down a package for that specific destination or area you are looking to travel to based on you budget, preferred method of travel and interest. Travel agents will then work directly with the tour operator to perfect your requests and provide the tour operator with the information and payments they need.

Travel agents as we have talked about the main difference already. A travel agent only plans or organizes the trip. He does not accompany travelers or tourists, if he’s working under a travel agency then he plans everything out for the tourists. Moreover, a travel agent help the tourists in buying tickets, telling them about promotional offers on ticket purchase. Some travel agents are also private retailers. They advertise various hotels, places, resorts of different counties or cities to their customers. For this, they charge money, of course. They even pay service to the travelers on behalf of all these hotels, resorts or even rent-a-car services. So, they actually sell products on behalf of suppliers. They even tell the travelers about discount offers. So, the travel agent is a person who works under a private or public retailer and provides the tourism and travel related services to others on behalf of the company under which supervision he is operating. When it comes to tourism and travel facilities then all kind of facilities comes under this area like car rentals, hotels booking, railway or airline reservation, cruise lines etc. The working system of modern day travel agents has been reshaped to much extent. Now in addition to providing the ordinary tourism services, these provide the system for making travel arrangements for commercials and business purposes as well. The designation travel agent itself describing a person working as an agent. So, being an agent, the source of income of travel agent is the commission that he is paid by the agencies for which he is working. In addition to earning commission against bookings, he also received benefits and bonuses from the tourism and travel companies as well. Money exchange, travel guide, travel insurance and likewise other services can also be the mode of earning of travel agents as well. In short, the basic role of travel agent is to work as an agent for sale and administration of the packages as well. In short, the basic role of travel agent is to work as an agent for sale and administration of the packages of the company under which supervision he is working.

The Characteristic of Travel

Two major trends that characterize the Travel :

· Travel agents assist travelers by sorting through vast amounts of information to help their clients make the best possible travel arrangements. Travel agents offer advice on destination and make arrangements for transportation, hotel accommodations, car rentals, and tours for theirs clients. In addition, resorts and specialty travel groups use travel agents to promote travel packages o their clients. Travel agents are expected to be able to advise travelers about their destinations, such as the whether conditions, local ordinances and customs, attractions, and exhibitions.

· The travel agents use a variety of published and computer- based sources for information on departure and arrival times, fares, quality of hotel accommodations, and group discounts. They may also visit hotels, resorts, and restaurants themselves to evaluate the comfort, cleanliness, and the quality of specific hotels and restaurants so that they can base recommendations our their own experiences or those of colleagues or clients. Many travel agents specialize in specific destinations or regions, other specialize in travel targeted to particular demographic groups, such us senior citizens. Travel agents who primarily work for tour operators and other travel arrangers may help develop, arrange, and sell the company’s own package tours and travel services.

A tour operator is a person whose job duties include organizing tours, whether they be for holidays or historic places. A tour operator is not generally involved in the day to day task of giving the tours or dealing with guests. This job is left to the tour guide. A tour operator typically combines tour and travel components to create a package holiday. They advertise and produce brochures to promote their products, holidays and itineraries.

The most common example of a tour operator’s product would be a flight on a charter airline plus a transfer from the airport to a hotel and the services of a local representative, all for one price. Niche tour operators may specialize in destinations, e.g Italy, activities and experiences, e.g skiing, or a combination thereof. Tour operators are responsible for organizing and preparing holiday tours. They follow trends in the popularity or destinations and packages, and adjust company plans accordingly. Fluency in a second language would be a big advantage in this role.

The Characteristic of Tour Operators

Two major trends that characterize the tour operating industry :

· Concentration and integration: the package holiday market is dominated by a very small number of internationally operating tour operators. The main trends in the industry are economies os scale, horizontal and vertical integration. Through these strategies, tour-operators can achieve considerable buying power and control over their suppliers, as well as the distribution of their products. Horizontal integration refers to a situation when companies join together with the aim to remove competition, to increase economies of scale, and to increase purchasing power.

· Specialization : intense integration practices have also able to increased specialization and the development of niche operators and niche products small and medium size operators have to compete by providing high quality, and tailor- made services, which is responding to the trend that holidays markers are becoming more discerning about the holidays that they take. They often specialize in geographical areas ar activities.

The Drug A New Trend of the Youth

Selasa, 08 November 2016 0 comments

Drug is a drugs containing addictive substances dangerous and forbidden and is one of the drugs generally have a risk of addiction for users. And the drugs cannot be used indiscriminately without medical supervision. Because the drugs have negative effects when used high doses.

With the times are fairly rapid drug abuse young people is on the rise. Drug trafficking had not looked at the environment and age. Drug dealers looking for targets, particularly among adolescents and adults, and even some children of elementary school and junior high school at the ages of the still unstable and have a height emotional, so it is easily incited to consume drugs.

So many citizens are worried because the drug freely and secretly very easily obtained. Parent supervision required to keep their children not to go near the drugs. The tendency of child drug abuse is not get out of the parental role but not the only role of parents, the environment also needs to be considered by parents to the next generation of this nation away from the drugs.

Drugs have effects that are harmful to the body if used excessively. Nerves in the body of a drug addict walking is not normal not like people who do not consume drugs. Performance of the heart and the brain works very faster than a person’s work typically resulting in more powerful and happy but only for some time. Drug use can; actually be used in certain situation in part of medicine, namely the anesthetic drugs used during his time but with a rate slightly.

And law in Indonesia is already taxing for drug addicts and some have been sentenced to death for involvement in drug cases.

Actually, drug trafficking can be prevented with a very intensive supervision of the police or of the public, especially for parents. But can also be done by religious or other approaches that could prevent such illegal acts. Ways of prevention is done for the common interest of this nation so that the younger generation successor to the nation formed then of a mentally healthy and have clean thoughts.

Sharing about English Lesson

Paraphrase, Entailment and Contradiction

Paper "Travel and Tour Operators"

The Drug A New Trend of the Youth

Popular Post