Wendy Saw Joe *Scratched Her Car
Something I shared during this week�s lecture.
Which is correct, (1) or (2)?
(1) Wendy saw Joe scratch her car.
(2) Wendy saw Joe scratched her car.
Most people know that (1) is correct and (2) is wrong. Some teachers, however, are asked so often about (2) that they begin, quite understandably, to believe it might actually be correct. After all, it would seem logical enough that, as saw indicates past tense with the subject Wendy, so also should scratched, with Joe.
The thing to remember here is that, in English, the verb agrees with the subject of the clause (subject�verb agreement). In the main clause, Wendy is the subject, hence saw agrees with it. Scratch cannot, however, agree with Joe since it is the object of the clause. (The clause has the structure S+V+O+Co; Wendy + saw + Joe + scratch her car.) But if Joe became the subject of its own main clause, then the verb would agree with it: Joe scratched the car. Therefore, only a nonfinite (tenseless, agreementless) form of scratch can appear after Joe: either the base form scratch or the �ing participle, scratching.
What, then, is the difference between scratch and scratching?
(3) Wendy saw Joe scratch her car.
(4) Wendy saw Joe scratching her car.
In (3), scratch implies that Joe made a single scratch, and that Wendy witnessed the act from start to finish. By contrast, in (4), scratching implies that the act was ongoing; when Wendy looked, Joe was already engaged in his mischief.
Why, then, is it possible to say (5) but not (6)?
(5) Wendy made her pupils cry.
(6) Wendy made her pupils *crying.
In (5), cry implies that Wendy witnessed the start of the act � indeed, because she was the cause of it. It should be obvious that (6) is impossible since, if Wendy caused her pupils to cry, then they could not already have been crying. The verb made above is called a causative (a person/thing causes another person/thing do something).
Which is correct, (1) or (2)?
(1) Wendy saw Joe scratch her car.
(2) Wendy saw Joe scratched her car.
Most people know that (1) is correct and (2) is wrong. Some teachers, however, are asked so often about (2) that they begin, quite understandably, to believe it might actually be correct. After all, it would seem logical enough that, as saw indicates past tense with the subject Wendy, so also should scratched, with Joe.
The thing to remember here is that, in English, the verb agrees with the subject of the clause (subject�verb agreement). In the main clause, Wendy is the subject, hence saw agrees with it. Scratch cannot, however, agree with Joe since it is the object of the clause. (The clause has the structure S+V+O+Co; Wendy + saw + Joe + scratch her car.) But if Joe became the subject of its own main clause, then the verb would agree with it: Joe scratched the car. Therefore, only a nonfinite (tenseless, agreementless) form of scratch can appear after Joe: either the base form scratch or the �ing participle, scratching.
What, then, is the difference between scratch and scratching?
(3) Wendy saw Joe scratch her car.
(4) Wendy saw Joe scratching her car.
In (3), scratch implies that Joe made a single scratch, and that Wendy witnessed the act from start to finish. By contrast, in (4), scratching implies that the act was ongoing; when Wendy looked, Joe was already engaged in his mischief.
Why, then, is it possible to say (5) but not (6)?
(5) Wendy made her pupils cry.
(6) Wendy made her pupils *crying.
In (5), cry implies that Wendy witnessed the start of the act � indeed, because she was the cause of it. It should be obvious that (6) is impossible since, if Wendy caused her pupils to cry, then they could not already have been crying. The verb made above is called a causative (a person/thing causes another person/thing do something).
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